What is CGRP?
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a very potent vasodilator which plays a major role in migraine pathophysiology.
It was first identified over 30 years ago and is found as two isoforms, one in the peripheral nervous and central nervous system (α-CGRP) and the other (β-CGRP) mainly in the enteric nervous system surrounding the intestines.1
CGRP and its receptors are the targets for new therapies for the prevention and acute treatment of migraine.
What is the evidence that CGRP plays a role in migraine pathophysiology?
There is now much evidence supporting CGRP’s role in migraine.2,3 In 1990 a study found that CGRP is released into the external jugular vein during the headache phase of migraine in patients with or without aura.4 Since that time a number of studies have shown that CGRP is released when the trigeminal ganglion is stimulated and during severe migraine attacks.1,2 In addition, it has been shown that CGRP administration triggers migraine in patients, and that reversal of a migraine attack with effective triptan treatment normalises the levels of CGRP.1,2 Research has shown that blood CGRP levels are significantly higher in women with a history of migraine.5
As CGRP seems integral to the clinical expression of migraine, CGRP blockade offers a valuable strategy for the treatment of migraine.
What approaches have been used to target CGRP or its receptor?
A number of small molecule CGRP receptor blockers were initially developed that showed clinical efficacy in acute migraine and provided proof of concept that targeting CGRP was an effective migraine strategy. However, early agents were difficult to produce in an oral formulation or had toxicity issues.
Subsequent research showed that humanised monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that block CGRP activity were both effective and well tolerated in the prevention of migraine. These are administered subcutaneously or intravenously.6 Four CGRP mAbs - erenumab (Aimovig), galcanezumab (Emgality), fremanezumab (Ajovy) and eptinezumab (Vyepti) - are approved in many countries, for the preventive treatment of episodic and chronic migraine. Galcanezumab (Emgality) is also approved for the prevention of episodic cluster headache.
As a result of continuing research into small molecule CGRP receptor blockers, new oral agents in the ‘gepant’ class of drugs were developed for the acute treatment of migraine and these have been shown to have a good efficacy and safety profile.7,8 Atogepant (Qulipta) and rimegepant (Nurtec ODT/Vydura) have been approved for acute treatment and prevention of migraine, and ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) has been approved for acute treatment of migraine.
Effectiveness of anti-CGRP therapies
Extensive clinical trials have confirmed that CGRP mAbs are effective in patients with difficult to treat migraine that is unresponsive to multiple classes of other migraine drugs. 9-12 Long term data from migraine prevention studies have shown that efficacy and tolerability are sustained for at least five years.13,14 Real world evidence also shows that these therapies are effective in patients with refractory migraine and with co-morbidities.
In addition, a growing number of key clinical trials have also demonstrated the efficacy of gepants in migraine prevention and acute treatment.15-18
Leading international clinical experts described the tolerability and clinical efficacy of these agents as “a breakthrough in migraine therapeutics, where, since the triptans, there have been no outstanding developments in the management of this disabling condition.”1
Summaries of the clinical trial data are available here.
References
- Karsan N, Goadsby PJ. CGRP mechanism antagonists and migraine management. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2015;15:25.
- Ashina M, Hansen JM, Do TP et al. Migraine and the trigeminovascular system-40 years and counting. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Aug;18(8):795-804.
- Edvinsson L, Haanes KA, Warfvinge K, Krause DN. CGRP as the target of new migraine therapies–successful translation from bench to clinic. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2018; 14, 338–350.
- Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache. Ann Neurol 1990;28:183-187.
- Cernuda-Morollon E, Larrosa D, Ramon C, et al. Interictal increase of CGRP levels in peripheral blood as a biomarker for chronic migraine. Neurology 2013;81:1191-1196.
- Diener H-C, Charles A, Goadsby P, Holle D. New therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of migraine. Lancet Neurol 2015;14:1010-1022.
- Croop R, Goadsby PJ, Stock DA et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of rimegepant orally disintegrating tablet for the acute treatment of migraine: a randomised, phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 Jul 12. pii: S0140-6736(19)31606-X
- Goadsby PJ, Tepper SJ, Watkins PB et al. Safety and tolerability of ubrogepant following intermittent, high-frequency dosing: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults. Cephalalgia. 2019 Sep 19:333102419869918.
- Reuter U, Goadsby PJ, Lanteri-Minet M et al. Efficacy and tolerability of erenumab in patients with episodic migraine in whom two-to-four previous preventive treatments were unsuccessful: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3b study. Lancet. 2018 Nov 24;392(10161):2280-2287.
- Ferrari MD, Diener HC, Ning X et al. Fremanezumab versus placebo for migraine prevention in patients with documented failure to up to four migraine preventive medication classes (FOCUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3b trial. Lancet. 2019 Sep 21;394(10203):1030-1040.
- Ailani J, Pearlman E, Zhang Q et al. Positive response to galcanezumab following treatment failure to onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with migraine: post hoc analyses of three randomized double-blind studies. Eur J Neurol. 2020 Mar;27(3):542-549.
- Ashina M, Lanteri-Minet M, Pozo-Rosich P et al. Safety and efficacy of eptinezumab for migraine prevention in patients with two-to-four previous preventive treatment failures (DELIVER): a multi-arm, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3b trial. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Jul;21(7):597-607
- Ashina M, Goadsby P, Reuter U et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of erenumab in migraine prevention: Results from a 5-year, open-label treatment phase of a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Neurol 2021 Jan 5.
- Goadsby PJ, Silberstein SD, Yeung PP et al. Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of fremanezumab in migraine: a randomized study. Neurology 2020 Nov 3;95(18):e2487-e2499
- Croop R, Goadsby PJ, Stock DA et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of rimegepant orally disintegrating tablet for the acute treatment of migraine: a randomised, phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2019 Aug 31;394(10200):737-745.
- Croop R, Lipton RB, Kudrow D, Stock DA, Kamen L, Conway CM, Stock EG, Coric V, Goadsby PJ. Oral rimegepant for preventive treatment of migraine: a phase 2/3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2021 Jan ;397(10268):51-60
- Ailani J, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ et al. Atogepant for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine. N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 19;385(8):695-706.
- Dodick DW, Lipton RB, Ailani J et al. Ubrogepant for the treatment of migraine. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 5;381(23):2230-2241
